.TH CJPEG 1 "4 May 2012"

.SH NAME

cjpeg \- compress an image file to a JPEG file

.SH SYNOPSIS

.B cjpeg

[

.I options

]

[

.I filename

]

.LP

.SH DESCRIPTION

.LP

.B cjpeg

compresses the named image file, or the standard input if no file is

named, and produces a JPEG/JFIF file on the standard output.

The currently supported input file formats are: PPM (PBMPLUS color

format), PGM (PBMPLUS gray-scale format), BMP, Targa, and RLE (Utah Raster

Toolkit format).  (RLE is supported only if the URT library is available.)

.SH OPTIONS

All switch names may be abbreviated; for example,

.B \-grayscale

may be written

.B \-gray

or

.BR \-gr .

Most of the "basic" switches can be abbreviated to as little as one letter.

Upper and lower case are equivalent (thus

.B \-BMP

is the same as

.BR \-bmp ).

British spellings are also accepted (e.g.,

.BR \-greyscale ),

though for brevity these are not mentioned below.

.PP

The basic switches are:

.TP

.BI \-quality " N[,...]"

Scale quantization tables to adjust image quality.  Quality is 0 (worst) to

100 (best); default is 75.  (See below for more info.)

.TP

.B \-grayscale

Create monochrome JPEG file from color input.  Be sure to use this switch when

compressing a grayscale BMP file, because

.B cjpeg

isn't bright enough to notice whether a BMP file uses only shades of gray.

By saying

.BR \-grayscale ,

you'll get a smaller JPEG file that takes less time to process.

.TP

.B \-rgb

Create RGB JPEG file.

Using this switch suppresses the conversion from RGB

colorspace input to the default YCbCr JPEG colorspace.

You can use this switch in combination with the

.BI \-block " N"

switch (see below) for lossless JPEG coding.

See also the

.B \-rgb1

switch below.

.TP

.B \-optimize

Perform optimization of entropy encoding parameters.  Without this, default

encoding parameters are used.

.B \-optimize

usually makes the JPEG file a little smaller, but

.B cjpeg

runs somewhat slower and needs much more memory.  Image quality and speed of

decompression are unaffected by

.BR \-optimize .

.TP

.B \-progressive

Create progressive JPEG file (see below).

.TP

.BI \-scale " M/N"

Scale the output image by a factor M/N.  Currently supported scale factors are

M/N with all N from 1 to 16, where M is the destination DCT size, which is 8

by default (see

.BI \-block " N"

switch below).

.TP

.B \-targa

Input file is Targa format.  Targa files that contain an "identification"

field will not be automatically recognized by

.BR cjpeg ;

for such files you must specify

.B \-targa

to make

.B cjpeg

treat the input as Targa format.

For most Targa files, you won't need this switch.

.PP

The

.B \-quality

switch lets you trade off compressed file size against quality of the

reconstructed image: the higher the quality setting, the larger the JPEG file,

and the closer the output image will be to the original input.  Normally you

want to use the lowest quality setting (smallest file) that decompresses into

something visually indistinguishable from the original image.  For this

purpose the quality setting should be between 50 and 95; the default of 75 is

often about right.  If you see defects at

.B \-quality

75, then go up 5 or 10 counts at a time until you are happy with the output

image.  (The optimal setting will vary from one image to another.)

.PP

.B \-quality

100 will generate a quantization table of all 1's, minimizing loss in the

quantization step (but there is still information loss in subsampling, as well

as roundoff error).  This setting is mainly of interest for experimental

purposes.  Quality values above about 95 are

.B not

recommended for normal use; the compressed file size goes up dramatically for

hardly any gain in output image quality.

.PP

In the other direction, quality values below 50 will produce very small files

of low image quality.  Settings around 5 to 10 might be useful in preparing an

index of a large image library, for example.  Try

.B \-quality

2 (or so) for some amusing Cubist effects.  (Note: quality

values below about 25 generate 2-byte quantization tables, which are

considered optional in the JPEG standard.

.B cjpeg

emits a warning message when you give such a quality value, because some

other JPEG programs may be unable to decode the resulting file.  Use

.B \-baseline

if you need to ensure compatibility at low quality values.)

.PP

The

.B \-quality

option has been extended in IJG version 7 for support of separate quality

settings for luminance and chrominance (or in general, for every provided

quantization table slot).  This feature is useful for high-quality

applications which cannot accept the damage of color data by coarse

subsampling settings.  You can now easily reduce the color data amount more

smoothly with finer control without separate subsampling.  The resulting file

is fully compliant with standard JPEG decoders.

Note that the

.B \-quality

ratings refer to the quantization table slots, and that the last value is

replicated if there are more q-table slots than parameters.  The default

q-table slots are 0 for luminance and 1 for chrominance with default tables as

given in the JPEG standard.  This is compatible with the old behaviour in case

that only one parameter is given, which is then used for both luminance and

chrominance (slots 0 and 1).  More or custom quantization tables can be set

with

.B \-qtables

and assigned to components with

.B \-qslots

parameter (see the "wizard" switches below).

.B Caution:

You must explicitly add

.BI \-sample " 1x1"

for efficient separate color

quality selection, since the default value used by library is 2x2!

.PP

The

.B \-progressive

switch creates a "progressive JPEG" file.  In this type of JPEG file, the data

is stored in multiple scans of increasing quality.  If the file is being

transmitted over a slow communications link, the decoder can use the first

scan to display a low-quality image very quickly, and can then improve the

display with each subsequent scan.  The final image is exactly equivalent to a

standard JPEG file of the same quality setting, and the total file size is

about the same --- often a little smaller.

.PP

Switches for advanced users:

.TP

.B \-arithmetic

Use arithmetic coding.

.B Caution:

arithmetic coded JPEG is not yet widely implemented, so many decoders will

be unable to view an arithmetic coded JPEG file at all.

.TP

.BI \-block " N"

Set DCT block size.  All N from 1 to 16 are possible.

Default is 8 (baseline format).

Larger values produce higher compression,

smaller values produce higher quality

(exact DCT stage possible with 1 or 2; with the default quality of 75 and

default Luminance qtable the DCT+Quantization stage is lossless for N=1).

.B Caution:

An implementation of the JPEG SmartScale extension is required for this

feature.  SmartScale enabled JPEG is not yet widely implemented, so many

decoders will be unable to view a SmartScale extended JPEG file at all.

.TP

.B \-rgb1

Create RGB JPEG file with reversible color transform.

Works like the

.B \-rgb

switch (see above) and inserts a simple reversible color transform

into the processing which significantly improves the compression.

Use this switch in combination with the

.BI \-block " N"

switch (see above) for lossless JPEG coding.

.B Caution:

A decoder with inverse color transform support is required for

this feature.  Reversible color transform support is not yet

widely implemented, so many decoders will be unable to view

a reversible color transformed JPEG file at all.

.TP

.B \-dct int

Use integer DCT method (default).

.TP

.B \-dct fast

Use fast integer DCT (less accurate).

.TP

.B \-dct float

Use floating-point DCT method.

The float method is very slightly more accurate than the int method, but is

much slower unless your machine has very fast floating-point hardware.  Also

note that results of the floating-point method may vary slightly across

machines, while the integer methods should give the same results everywhere.

The fast integer method is much less accurate than the other two.

.TP

.B \-nosmooth

Don't use high-quality downsampling.

.TP

.BI \-restart " N"

Emit a JPEG restart marker every N MCU rows, or every N MCU blocks if "B" is

attached to the number.

.B \-restart 0

(the default) means no restart markers.

.TP

.BI \-smooth " N"

Smooth the input image to eliminate dithering noise.  N, ranging from 1 to

100, indicates the strength of smoothing.  0 (the default) means no smoothing.

.TP

.BI \-maxmemory " N"

Set limit for amount of memory to use in processing large images.  Value is

in thousands of bytes, or millions of bytes if "M" is attached to the

number.  For example,

.B \-max 4m

selects 4000000 bytes.  If more space is needed, temporary files will be used.

.TP

.BI \-outfile " name"

Send output image to the named file, not to standard output.

.TP

.B \-verbose

Enable debug printout.  More

.BR \-v 's

give more output.  Also, version information is printed at startup.

.TP

.B \-debug

Same as

.BR \-verbose .

.PP

The

.B \-restart

option inserts extra markers that allow a JPEG decoder to resynchronize after

a transmission error.  Without restart markers, any damage to a compressed

file will usually ruin the image from the point of the error to the end of the

image; with restart markers, the damage is usually confined to the portion of

the image up to the next restart marker.  Of course, the restart markers

occupy extra space.  We recommend

.B \-restart 1

for images that will be transmitted across unreliable networks such as Usenet.

.PP

The

.B \-smooth

option filters the input to eliminate fine-scale noise.  This is often useful

when converting dithered images to JPEG: a moderate smoothing factor of 10 to

50 gets rid of dithering patterns in the input file, resulting in a smaller

JPEG file and a better-looking image.  Too large a smoothing factor will

visibly blur the image, however.

.PP

Switches for wizards:

.TP

.B \-baseline

Force baseline-compatible quantization tables to be generated.  This clamps

quantization values to 8 bits even at low quality settings.  (This switch is

poorly named, since it does not ensure that the output is actually baseline

JPEG.  For example, you can use

.B \-baseline

and

.B \-progressive

together.)

.TP

.BI \-qtables " file"

Use the quantization tables given in the specified text file.

.TP

.BI \-qslots " N[,...]"

Select which quantization table to use for each color component.

.TP

.BI \-sample " HxV[,...]"

Set JPEG sampling factors for each color component.

.TP

.BI \-scans " file"

Use the scan script given in the specified text file.

.PP

The "wizard" switches are intended for experimentation with JPEG.  If you

don't know what you are doing, \fBdon't use them\fR.  These switches are

documented further in the file wizard.txt.

.SH EXAMPLES

.LP

This example compresses the PPM file foo.ppm with a quality factor of

60 and saves the output as foo.jpg:

.IP

.B cjpeg \-quality

.I 60 foo.ppm

.B >

.I foo.jpg

.SH HINTS

Color GIF files are not the ideal input for JPEG; JPEG is really intended for

compressing full-color (24-bit) images.  In particular, don't try to convert

cartoons, line drawings, and other images that have only a few distinct

colors.  GIF works great on these, JPEG does not.  If you want to convert a

GIF to JPEG, you should experiment with

.BR cjpeg 's

.B \-quality

and

.B \-smooth

options to get a satisfactory conversion.

.B \-smooth 10

or so is often helpful.

.PP

Avoid running an image through a series of JPEG compression/decompression

cycles.  Image quality loss will accumulate; after ten or so cycles the image

may be noticeably worse than it was after one cycle.  It's best to use a

lossless format while manipulating an image, then convert to JPEG format when

you are ready to file the image away.

.PP

The

.B \-optimize

option to

.B cjpeg

is worth using when you are making a "final" version for posting or archiving.

It's also a win when you are using low quality settings to make very small

JPEG files; the percentage improvement is often a lot more than it is on

larger files.  (At present,

.B \-optimize

mode is always selected when generating progressive JPEG files.)

.SH ENVIRONMENT

.TP

.B JPEGMEM

If this environment variable is set, its value is the default memory limit.

The value is specified as described for the

.B \-maxmemory

switch.

.B JPEGMEM

overrides the default value specified when the program was compiled, and

itself is overridden by an explicit

.BR \-maxmemory .

.SH SEE ALSO

.BR djpeg (1),

.BR jpegtran (1),

.BR rdjpgcom (1),

.BR wrjpgcom (1)

.br

.BR ppm (5),

.BR pgm (5)

.br

Wallace, Gregory K.  "The JPEG Still Picture Compression Standard",

Communications of the ACM, April 1991 (vol. 34, no. 4), pp. 30-44.

.SH AUTHOR

Independent JPEG Group

.SH BUGS

GIF input files are no longer supported, to avoid the Unisys LZW patent.

(Conversion of GIF files to JPEG is usually a bad idea anyway.)

.PP

Not all variants of BMP and Targa file formats are supported.

.PP

The

.B \-targa

switch is not a bug, it's a feature.  (It would be a bug if the Targa format

designers had not been clueless.)