/*===

cexcept.h 2.0.1 (2008-Jul-19-Sat)

http://www.nicemice.net/cexcept/

Adam M. Costello

http://www.nicemice.net/amc/

An interface for exception-handling in ANSI C (C89 and subsequent ISO

standards), developed jointly with Cosmin Truta.

    Copyright (c) 2000-2008 Adam M. Costello and Cosmin Truta.

    This software may be modified only if its author and version

    information is updated accurately, and may be redistributed

    only if accompanied by this unaltered notice.  Subject to those

    restrictions, permission is granted to anyone to do anything

    with this software.  The copyright holders make no guarantees

    regarding this software, and are not responsible for any damage

    resulting from its use.

The cexcept interface is not compatible with and cannot interact

with system exceptions (like division by zero or memory segmentation

violation), compiler-generated exceptions (like C++ exceptions), or

other exception-handling interfaces.

When using this interface across multiple .c files, do not include

this header file directly.  Instead, create a wrapper header file that

includes this header file and then invokes the define_exception_type

macro (see below).  The .c files should then include that header file.

The interface consists of one type, one well-known name, and six macros.

define_exception_type(type_name);

    This macro is used like an external declaration.  It specifies

    the type of object that gets copied from the exception thrower to

    the exception catcher.  The type_name can be any type that can be

    assigned to, that is, a non-constant arithmetic type, struct, union,

    or pointer.  Examples:

        define_exception_type(int);

        enum exception { out_of_memory, bad_arguments, disk_full };

        define_exception_type(enum exception);

        struct exception { int code; const char *msg; };

        define_exception_type(struct exception);

    Because throwing an exception causes the object to be copied (not

    just once, but twice), programmers may wish to consider size when

    choosing the exception type.

struct exception_context;

    This type may be used after the define_exception_type() macro has

    been invoked.  A struct exception_context must be known to both

    the thrower and the catcher.  It is expected that there be one

    context for each thread that uses exceptions.  It would certainly

    be dangerous for multiple threads to access the same context.

    One thread can use multiple contexts, but that is likely to be

    confusing and not typically useful.  The application can allocate

    this structure in any way it pleases--automatic, static, or dynamic.

    The application programmer should pretend not to know the structure

    members, which are subject to change.

struct exception_context *the_exception_context;

    The Try/Catch and Throw statements (described below) implicitly

    refer to a context, using the name the_exception_context.  It is

    the application's responsibility to make sure that this name yields

    the address of a mutable (non-constant) struct exception_context

    wherever those statements are used.  Subject to that constraint, the

    application may declare a variable of this name anywhere it likes

    (inside a function, in a parameter list, or externally), and may

    use whatever storage class specifiers (static, extern, etc) or type

    qualifiers (const, volatile, etc) it likes.  Examples:

        static struct exception_context

          * const the_exception_context = &foo;

        { struct exception_context *the_exception_context = bar; ... }

        int blah(struct exception_context *the_exception_context, ...);

        extern struct exception_context the_exception_context[1];

    The last example illustrates a trick that avoids creating a pointer

    object separate from the structure object.

    The name could even be a macro, for example:

        struct exception_context ec_array[numthreads];

        #define the_exception_context (ec_array + thread_id)

    Be aware that the_exception_context is used several times by the

    Try/Catch/Throw macros, so it shouldn't be expensive or have side

    effects.  The expansion must be a drop-in replacement for an

    identifier, so it's safest to put parentheses around it.

void init_exception_context(struct exception_context *ec);

    For context structures allocated statically (by an external

    definition or using the "static" keyword), the implicit

    initialization to all zeros is sufficient, but contexts allocated

    by other means must be initialized using this macro before they

    are used by a Try/Catch statement.  It does no harm to initialize

    a context more than once (by using this macro on a statically

    allocated context, or using this macro twice on the same context),

    but a context must not be re-initialized after it has been used by a

    Try/Catch statement.

Try statement

Catch (expression) statement

    The Try/Catch/Throw macros are capitalized in order to avoid

    confusion with the C++ keywords, which have subtly different

    semantics.

    A Try/Catch statement has a syntax similar to an if/else statement,

    except that the parenthesized expression goes after the second

    keyword rather than the first.  As with if/else, there are two

    clauses, each of which may be a simple statement ending with a

    semicolon or a brace-enclosed compound statement.  But whereas

    the else clause is optional, the Catch clause is required.  The

    expression must be a modifiable lvalue (something capable of being

    assigned to) of the same type (disregarding type qualifiers) that

    was passed to define_exception_type().

    If a Throw that uses the same exception context as the Try/Catch is

    executed within the Try clause (typically within a function called

    by the Try clause), and the exception is not caught by a nested

    Try/Catch statement, then a copy of the exception will be assigned

    to the expression, and control will jump to the Catch clause.  If no

    such Throw is executed, then the assignment is not performed, and

    the Catch clause is not executed.

    The expression is not evaluated unless and until the exception is

    caught, which is significant if it has side effects, for example:

        Try foo();

        Catch (p[++i].e) { ... }

    IMPORTANT: Jumping into or out of a Try clause (for example via

    return, break, continue, goto, longjmp) is forbidden--the compiler

    will not complain, but bad things will happen at run-time.  Jumping

    into or out of a Catch clause is okay, and so is jumping around

    inside a Try clause.  In many cases where one is tempted to return

    from a Try clause, it will suffice to use Throw, and then return

    from the Catch clause.  Another option is to set a flag variable and

    use goto to jump to the end of the Try clause, then check the flag

    after the Try/Catch statement.

    IMPORTANT: The values of any non-volatile automatic variables

    changed within the Try clause are undefined after an exception is

    caught.  Therefore, variables modified inside the Try block whose

    values are needed later outside the Try block must either use static

    storage or be declared with the "volatile" type qualifier.

Throw expression;

    A Throw statement is very much like a return statement, except that

    the expression is required.  Whereas return jumps back to the place

    where the current function was called, Throw jumps back to the Catch

    clause of the innermost enclosing Try clause.  The expression must

    be compatible with the type passed to define_exception_type().  The

    exception must be caught, otherwise the program may crash.

    Slight limitation:  If the expression is a comma-expression, it must

    be enclosed in parentheses.

Try statement

Catch_anonymous statement

    When the value of the exception is not needed, a Try/Catch statement

    can use Catch_anonymous instead of Catch (expression).

Everything below this point is for the benefit of the compiler.  The

application programmer should pretend not to know any of it, because it

is subject to change.

===*/

#ifndef CEXCEPT_H

#define CEXCEPT_H

#include <setjmp.h></setjmp.h>

#define define_exception_type(etype) \

struct exception_context { \

  jmp_buf *penv; \

  int caught; \

  volatile struct { etype etmp; } v; \

}

/* etmp must be volatile because the application might use automatic */

/* storage for the_exception_context, and etmp is modified between   */

/* the calls to setjmp() and longjmp().  A wrapper struct is used to */

/* avoid warnings about a duplicate volatile qualifier in case etype */

/* already includes it.                                              */

#define init_exception_context(ec) ((void)((ec)->penv = 0))

#define Try \

  { \

    jmp_buf *exception__prev, exception__env; \

    exception__prev = the_exception_context->penv; \

    the_exception_context->penv = &exception__env; \

    if (setjmp(exception__env) == 0) { \

      do

#define exception__catch(action) \

      while (the_exception_context->caught = 0, \

             the_exception_context->caught); \

    } \

    else { \

      the_exception_context->caught = 1; \

    } \

    the_exception_context->penv = exception__prev; \

  } \

  if (!the_exception_context->caught || action) { } \

  else

#define Catch(e) exception__catch(((e) = the_exception_context->v.etmp, 0))

#define Catch_anonymous exception__catch(0)

/* Try ends with do, and Catch begins with while(0) and ends with     */

/* else, to ensure that Try/Catch syntax is similar to if/else        */

/* syntax.                                                            */

/*                                                                    */

/* The 0 in while(0) is expressed as x=0,x in order to appease        */

/* compilers that warn about constant expressions inside while().     */

/* Most compilers should still recognize that the condition is always */

/* false and avoid generating code for it.                            */

#define Throw \

  for (;; longjmp(*the_exception_context->penv, 1)) \

    the_exception_context->v.etmp =

#endif /* CEXCEPT_H */